17th+Century

 **Treaty of Westphalia **

media type="youtube" key="c-WO73Dh7rY" height="354" width="500"
The Defenestration of Prague (as portrayed by some random people) media type="youtube" key="kytI6pb198U" height="344" width="425"   **Timeline of the Seventeenth Century** 
 * __1602__: The Dutch East India Company is established, whose later success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.**
 * __[[image:http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/images/Elizabeth%20I.jpg width="80" height="103"]]1603__: Elizabeth I dies, ending her 45-year reign. James VI succeeds to the throne, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.**
 * __1603-06__: William Shakespeare writes four tragedies during this period: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.**
 * __1604__: Millenary Petition (statement of Puritan grievances) and response "No Bishop, No King". James also concludes peace with Spain.**
 * __[[image:http://catholicdiscussion.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/plot.jpg width="185" height="139"]]1605__: Gunpowder Plot against Parliament foiled.**
 * __1605__: //Don Quixote//, a work satirizing chivalry by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra appears.**
 * __1605__: //The Advancement of Learning// by Francis Bacon is published, proposing that truth has already been discovered.**
 * __[[image:http://library.thinkquest.org/C001124/images/solar/earlytelescopes.jpg width="100" height="65"]]1608__: Hans Lippershey patents the first telescope.**
 * __1609__: //On the Motion of Mars// by Johannes Kepler published, solving problem of planetary orbits.**
 * __1609__: By this time, Palatine Calvinists headed a Protestant defense alliance, recieving support from England, France, and the Netherlands. Meanwhile, Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, organized a Catholic League to counter this new alliance.**
 * __1610__: Henry IV is assassinated and Louis XIII starts his reign with Cardinal Richelieu as his chief political adviser.**
 * __1611__: Marie de Medicis, mother of Louis signs ten-year Treaty of Fountainebleau with rival Spain.**
 * __1611__: Publication of King James' Version of the Bible.**
 * __[[image:http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/kstokes/euroassign/Image8.jpg width="117" height="134"]]1613__: Michael Romanov becomes Tsar of Russia, ending the "Time of Troubles".**
 * __1618__: Issuance of Book of Sports, which shortly after was rescinded.**
 * __1618__: Hapsburg (Catholic) Ferdinand ascends to throne of Protest Bohemia; Defenestration of Prague, start of 30 Years' War- Bohemian Period.**
 * __1618__: James hesitates to rush English troops to the aid of Protestants in Germany at the outbreak of the 30 Years War.**
 * __1619__: Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor.**
 * 1620: Ferdinand's army defeats Frederick's at the Battle of White Mountain.**
 * __1620__: Puritan separatists found Plymouth Colony in Cape Cod (later Massachusetts).**
 * __1620__: Francis Bacon's //Novum Organum// is published- he urged contemporaries to search for a new understanding of nature.**
 * __[[image:http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=99700&rendTypeId=4 width="153" height="85"]]1623__: A better financed group of Puritans leave England and form the Massachusetts Bay Colony.**
 * __1624__: England enters in continental war against Spain in response to the pressures of members of Parliament.**
 * __1625__: New Amsterdam founded by Dutch West India Company.**
 * __[[image:http://www.executedtoday.com/images/Charles_I_big.jpg width="136" height="195"]]1625__: Upon James I death, Charles I succeeds to the throne.**
 * __1625__: End of the Bohemian period; beginning of the Danish period.**
 * __1626__: King Christian IV enters Germany with his army and is humiliated and forced to retreat to Denmark.**
 * __1627__: Bacon's //New Atlantis// is published (he links science and material progress in the public mind.)**
 * __1628__: Petition of Right- states that any taxation needs Parliament's success. Charles agrees to it.**
 * __1629__: Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution-illegalized Calvinism and ordered return of Lutheran church lands since 1552. End of the Danish period and beginning of the French period.**
 * __1629__: Charles dissolves Parliament and also makes peace with France.**
 * __1629__: Peace of Alais: denied Protestants rights (ie: to maintain separate political organizations.)**
 * __1630__: Charles makes peace with Spain.**
 * __1630__: Jansenism arises in France as part of a Catholic opposition to the political influence of the Jesuits.**
 * __1630__: Gustavus Adolphus, the new leader of the Protestant forces finds allies and wins an overwhelming victory at Breitenfeld.**
 * __1631__: Richelieu pledged funds Gustavus Adolphus.**
 * __[[image:http://listverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/300px-galileo.arp.300pix-1.jpg width="134" height="124"]]1632__: //Dialogues on Two Chief Systems of the World// published by Galileo, causing the Roman Catholic Church to condemn him.**
 * __1632__: Battle of Lutzen- Adolphus dies at the hands of Wallenstein's forces.**
 * __1634__: Ferdinand has Wallenstein assassinated after serving his purpose.**
 * __1634__: Charles starts levying new taxes, one of them called ship money.**
 * __1635__: Peace of Prague- German compromise with Ferdinand; The Swedes refuse to join the agreement. End of teh Swedish period and beginning of the Swedish-French period.**
 * __1637__: Charles and William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury try to impose the English episcopal system and a prayerbook almost identical to the Anglican one on Scotland, who immediately rebel. Parliament is recalled to help but upon their refusal are immediately dissolved (Short Parliament.)**
 * __1637__: //Discourse on Method// by Rene Descartes, in which he proposed rational deduction and proceeded to deduce the existence of God.**
 * __1640__: After Scots win at Battle of Newburn, Parliament is reconvened for good (Long Parliament.) Parliament illegalizes the previous taxes.**
 * __1641__: Parliament presents the "Grand Remonstrance", a summary of grievances against the crown.**
 * __1642__: Charles invades Parliament with intention to arrest the leader John Pym, but he has been forewarned and already escapes. Charles begins to raise his own army and in response the Militia Ordinance is passed, giving Parliament authority to raise their own army. The civil war has outbroken.**
 * __1643__: Pym persuades Parliament to accept the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant, which allies them with the Scots.**
 * __1643__: Antoine Arnauld publishes //On Frequent Communion//- criticism of Jesuits.**
 * __1644__: John Milton's //Areopagitica// defends freedom of the press.**
 * __1643__: Louis XIII dies and Louis XIV, 5 years old, rules with Cardinal Mazarin.**
 * __1648__: Treaty of Westphalia- end of 30 Years' War-end of Swedish-French period, rescinded Edict of Restitution, recognized Switzerland and Holland legally, Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia achieved significance.**
 * __1648__: "Pride's Purge"- Presbyterians barred from Parliament, leaving the Rump Parliament.**
 * __1649__: Charles is executed; the end of the civil war and the start of the revolution of Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army.**
 * __[[image:http://www.louis-xiv.de/uploads/pics/1b_31.jpg width="240" height="205"]]1649-52__: The //Fronde-// wide spread rebellions against the monarchy. Louis exiled France in 1651 and returned in 1652.**
 * __1651__: //Leviathan//, by Thomas Hobbes is published; proposing viewing people and society in a materialistic and mechanical way.**
 * __1653__: Pope Innocent X declared Jansenist theological propositions heretical.**
 * __1653__: Cromwell disbands Parliament and takes the title of Lord Protector of England.**
 * __1656__: The Pope banned Jansen's work and Blaise Pascal defended Jansenism.**
 * __[[image:http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/33/114533-004-24F50A6C.jpg width="153" height="199"]]1658__: Oliver Cromwell dies.**
 * __1659__: Treaty of the Pyrenees- sealed peace between France and Spain from during the 30 Years' War.**
 * __1660__: Louis permitted the papal bull //Ad Sacram Sedem,// banning Jansenism**
 * __1660__: Charles II, son of Charles I restores the Stuart monarchy. Also, the Navigation Acts are adopted, striking at Dutch dominance in the shipping industry.**
 * __1660__: Louis marries the Spanish //Infanta// Marie Therese for political reasons.**
 * __1661__: The start of a series of laws known as the Clarendon Code that persecuted against those not of Anglican worship.**
 * __1666__: //Grace Abounding// by John Bunyan is published; it is a work of Puritan piety.**
 * __[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Rocroi.jpg width="230" height="128"]]1667-68__: The War of Devolution (between France and Spain) over Louis' right to the Spanish throne.**
 * __1667__: Triple Alliance formed (England. Sweden, Holland) facing Louis to agree to terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1688).**
 * __1667__: //Paradise Lost//, by John Milton, is published- a study on the destructive qualities of pride and redeeming possibilities of humility.**
 * __1670__: England and France formally ally against the Dutch in the Treaty of Dover.**
 * __1672__: Louis successfully invades (the United Provinces of) Holland and places Prince of Orange (after 1689 ruler of England) on the throne.**
 * __1672__: To unite the English people, Charles issues a Declaration of Indulgence, disbanding the Clarendon Code, but was shortly rescinded for Parliament's support, who afterwards passed the Test Act, requiring officials to swear oath against transubstantiation, aimed at James, the heir to the throne.**
 * __[[image:http://nga.gov.au/International/Catalogue/Images/LRG/140356.jpg width="171" height="203"]]1673__: Louis curtailed most of the power of the //Parlement// of Paris.**
 * __1673__: Orange (Louis' opposite) formed alliance with Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg.**
 * __1676__: France gained control of the Mediterranean.**
 * __[[image:http://philosophy.tamu.edu/~sdaniel/Images/spinoza1.jpg width="113" height="112"]]1677__: Baruch Spinoza's the //Ethics//, his most influential work, is published; it condemned him for espousing pantheism, equating nature with God.**
 * __1678-79__: Peace of Nimwegen ends the war.**
 * __1678__: John Bunyan publishes //The Pilgrim's Progress//, a work that questions achieving salvation.**
 * __[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Popish_Plot_Playcard8.jpg width="139" height="204"]]1678__: Notorious liar Titus Oates swears that Charles' Catholic wife is plotting to kill Charles so James can succeed to the throne. In ensuing hysteria (Popish Plot), several people are executed and Whigs of Parliament unsuccessfully try to exclude James from succession to the throne.**
 * __1680__: John Bunyan's //The Life and Death of Mr. Badman// is published.**
 * __1680__: Sir Robert Filmer authored //Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings//- compared the rights of kings over their subjects to those of fathers over their children; Locke refuted this idea in his first treatise.**
 * __[[image:http://www.lib.unc.edu/coursepages/rues/F08_rues710/images/Peter_the_Great_1838.jpg width="159" height="198"]]1682__: Peter the Great, at age 10, becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole tsar in 1696).**
 * __1682-99__: The Great Turkish War is fought between the Ottoman Empire and a Holy League.**
 * __[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SiemiginowskiJerzy.1686.JanIIISobieskiPodWiedniem.jpg/412px-SiemiginowskiJerzy.1686.JanIIISobieskiPodWiedniem.jpg width="186" height="239"]]1683__: King John III Sobieski led a Polish army to rescue Vienna from the Turkish siege.**
 * __1685__: James accedes to the throne.**
 * __1685__: Edict of Fountainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France. Edict of Nantes revoked.**
 * __1687__: He dissolves Parliament and issues the Declaration of Indulgence- suspends all religious tests and permits free worship.**
 * __[[image:http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~cline/P235W/IsaacNewton-1689.jpg width="171" height="242"]]1687__: Newton publishes //Principia Mathematica//, proposed the forces of gravity.**
 * __1688__: William of Orange, husband of Mary, James' oldest (Protestant) daughter arrives in England with army; James flees to France (Louis XIV is ruling there, he protects him.)**
 * __1688-97__: The War of the Grand Alliance; The Nine Years' War (between France and the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)). Ended with the Peace of Ryswick.**
 * __1689__: Peter assumes his personal rule.**
 * __[[image:http://localareawatch.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/revolutionary_war.jpg width="276" height="178"]]1689__: "Glorious Revolution"-William and Mary are crowned the new monarchs and recognize the Bill of Rights. A constitutional monarchy is established. Toleration Act- permitted worship of Protestants and outlawed Roman Catholics and Anti-Trinitarians.**
 * __1690__: John Locke publishes his //Second Treatise of Government// that states people would be allowed to depose a government that broke the contract it held with its people. In his //Essay Concerning Human Understanding//, he portrayed mind as a blank tablet "tabula rasa" and argued that all knowledge is derived from direct sensual experience.**
 * __1696__: Russia captures Azov on the Black Sea from the Turks.**
 * __1697__: European tour of Peter the Great.**
 * __1697__: Charles XII comes to the throne in Sweden.**
 * __1698__: Peter returns to Russia to put down the revolt of the //streltsy.//**
 * __[[image:http://www.acedia.se/bilder/GNW1.jpg width="193" height="293"]]1700__: The Great Northern War opens between Russia and Sweden; Russia is defeated at Narva by Swedish Army of Charles XII.**
 * __1700__: Charles "the sufferer" dies, causing France and Austria to fight for the throne.**
 * __1701__: Act of Settlement- The English throne would pass to the House of Hanover if there were no successors of Queen Anne, the last of the Stuart monarchs.**
 * __1701__: Grand Alliance (England, Holland, Holy Roman Empire) is formed and the War of Spanish Succession begins.**

17th Century Economy European economic growth in the 17th century was affected mainly by its population increase and the use of silver.

Europe's population had been growing since about 1470, and plateaued around 1700.

Cities' populations especially were increasing at staggering rates as the economy shifted from farming to banking.

Also responsible for new, trade based economy:


 * Shipbuilding (English and Dutch)
 * Large middle class
 * Slavery



Across the continent, the economy shifted its focus from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic. 
 * London's population and economy, 1500 and 1700:**
 * **Year** || 1500 || 1700 ||
 * **Population** || 33,000 people || 500,000 people ||
 * **Economic dominance** || Agriculture || Banking, credit, and finances. ||


 * Spanish Empire**: South America (minus Brazil), Central America, southern North America, Caribbean Islands

**French Empire**: Quebec, Louisiana, Caribbean, Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, Caribbean Islands.

 * British Empire**: North American east coast, Caribbean.

17th Century Religion

__Christianity__
Christian clergy held legal privileges all over Europe, and Catholic and Protestant clergy were divided between wealthy bishops and very poor village priests.



The King James Bible was published in 1611 and quickly became the most popular Bible, as it was the only one allowed by English law. The King James Bible was released by the Anglican church, a Protestant church similar to the Catholic church, without a Pope.



__Judaism__
By the 1600s, most Jews moved from places like Northern France and Germany to what is now Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and the Ukraine.

In Eastern Europe, Jews faced riots and blood libels. Many Eastern European, or Askenazic Jews, became poor peddlers while Western European, or Sephardic Jews, became quite wealthy in the professions of banking.



__Islam__
The Ottoman Empire was responsible for the spread of Islam in 17th century Europe. The Ottomans had taken a majority of the Byzantine Empire in the 1500s, and by the 1600s had taken Hungary and Podolia, or modern-day Ukraine.

In Turkey the Ottoman Empire built its most famous Mosque, or house of worship, the Blue Mosque. Also known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (named for its builder), it is now the national mosque of Turkey. media type="custom" key="3021046"

Memorable Quotes James I of England, to Presbyterians seeking religious freedoms in England
 * "No bishop, no King!"**

Charles I, before his execution.
 * "I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown, where no disturbance can be, no disturbance in the world. "**

Oliver Cromwell, on the execution of Charles I
 * "Cruel necessity"**

Charles II, to the House of Commons. [//unsourced//]
 * "I'm definitely the best king in England at the moment. "**

John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, speaking of Charles II
 * "We have a pretty witty king,**
 * Whose word no man relies on;**
 * He never said a foolish thing,**
 * Nor ever did a wise one. "**

Louis XIV. Rough translation: **"I am the state."**
 * "L'Etat, c'est moi. "**

Cardinal Richelieu of France, advising Louis XIV
 * "Secrecy is the first essential in affairs of state. "**

Peter I of Russia
 * "I have conquered an empire, but have not been able to conquer myself. "**

Johann Sebastian Bach, Baroque musician
 * "There's nothing to it. You just have to press the right keys at the right time with the right force, and the organ will make the most beautiful music all by itself.**"

Antonio Vivaldi, Baroque composer, written ironically on his //Orlando Furioso// (1727). Rough translation: **"If you don't like this, I'll stop writing music.**"
 * "Se questa non piace, non voglio più scrivere di musica.** "

Rembrandt von Rijn, Dutch Baroque artist known for painting townspeople in rich color and shadow
 * "A painting is finished when the artist says it is finished.** "

Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher, //Leviathan//
 * "The privilege of absurdity; to which no living creature is subject but man only. "**

John Locke, English philosopher
 * "New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not already common. "**

Isaac Newton, English physicist, mathematician, inventor and philosopher.
 * "Plato is my friend — Aristotle is my friend — but my greatest friend is truth."**

George Villers, Duke of Buckingham under James I
 * "Seriously, stop making jokes about me. None of that stuff is true."**

These are some famous quotes from Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher. media type="youtube" key="DDVfmACpxNY" height="525" width="660"

<span style="background-color: #ffe5e6; color: #004200; display: block; font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 50%; text-align: center;">Who Am I? 1)

-I created the idea of Deductive Reasoning
== 4) ==

= MAP: WHERE IN THE WORLD IS PAT KNAB =

9) Where in the world am I? Nice place. So, this is where the nobles played? Must've taken a LOT of money!
10) Where in the world am I? They say King Charles was 5'6" at the beginning of his rule, but 4'8" at the end! How is this possible (is it this Lord Protector guy I have heard about)

14) Where in the world am I? This is the furthest the Ottomans got into Europe before getting ousted
15) Where in the world am I? The Glorious AKA Bloodless revolution happened here and William and Mary took over

Answers: 1) E, 2) C, 3) A, 4) F, 5) J, 6) G, 7) I, 8) O, 9) M, 10) K, 11)N, 12)L, 13)B, 14)D, 15) H
<span style="color: #000726; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe5e6; color: #004200; display: block; font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 50%; text-align: center;">Technological and Intellectual Achievements and Milestones

== = = = = = = <span style="color: #000726; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe5e6; color: #004200; display: block; font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 50%; text-align: center;">17th Century Social Changes
 * Gravity, - Sir Issac Newton, Revolutionized sciences of forces and planetary motion, among other things
 * Microscope- a better look at smaller objects...Finally
 * Don Quixote-Miguel de Cervantes, First modern novel
 * Shakespeare's works-Some of the most famous literature of all time
 * Prime Minister- New position of government that will revolutionize constitutionalism
 * Deism-The religion of reason
 * St. Petersburg- Russia's new capital, Gained by Peter the great
 * Constitutional Monarchy- New system of government, Pioneered by England
 * Prussia- New rising country due to the Hohenzollerns
 * Empiricism-The new scientific thought
 * Telescope- Hans Leppershey, lets look at the stars
 * Versailles- Architectural Marvel, Louie's new castle where all the nobles would play
 * Treaty of Westphalia- ended the 30 year's war
 * Circulation of blood- Vesalius's research
 * Bach's Music- Baroque style, famous to this day
 * Leviathan- Thomas Hobbes, Lets Go absolutism!!

===-Establishment of trading colonies in many different places around the world like India or Africa led to an increase in the amount of goods available to citizens. Despite this, many lower classes of Europe had little to no access to these markets, as either A) their country was put into a political position that denied them access to goods retrieved by other countries or B) the country had poor economic policies that denied the majority of the wealth to the majority of the people, as was the case in many places, or nearly all countries that had some system of nobles and peasants.===

-Inventions of various counting machines and calculators facilitate mathematical calculations and use of logarithms
--Thirty Years' War left Holy Roman Empire crippled and further divided. The lands on which the fighting took place were often left trampled or burned, making farmers or landlords try to deal with the difficult plight of restoring the land. The war is marked to be the event where most people died from a single cause since the bubonic plague.Most of the deaths were due to armed conflicts between national armies in which the peasants got involved in, or the armies attacking the peasants. Much of the destruction of civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed of mercenary soldiers, many of whom were rich commanders and poor soldiers.Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. Many features of the war spread disease. These included troop movements that spread disease, the influx of soldiers from foreign countries which brought new ailments, and the shifting locations of battle fronts to bring mass collections of infection to new areas. In addition, the displacement of civilian populations and the overcrowding of refugees into cities led to both disease and famine due to lack of hygiene and food regulations and the inability to enforce those that existed. When the Danish and imperial armies met in Saxony and Thuringia during 1625 and 1626, disease and infection in local communities increased due to those same reasons that armies spread plague. After the Mantuan War between France and the Habsburgs in Italy, the northern half of the Italian peninsula was infected with a bubonic plague epidemic, a recurrence of the killer of 1/3 of Europe's earlier population. During the unsuccessful siege of Nuremberg in 1632, civilians and soldiers in both the Swedish and imperial armies succumbed to typhus and scurvy, two diseases that ravaged Europe before and after the 30 Years' War, but was amplified by it. Two years later, as the imperial army pursued the then-defeated Swedes into southwest Germany, deaths from epidemics were high along the Rhine River. Bubonic plague continued to be a factor in the war. Beginning in 1634, Dresden, Munich, and other smaller German communities such as Oberammergau recorded large numbers of bubonic plague casualties. In the last decades of the war, both typhus and dysentery had become horribly infectious in (primarily) Germany.

-Spain officially finishes its Reconquista and expels all Moriscos, transforming Spain into a near-completely Catholic European state.

-Many devout Puritans leave England and flee for the religious freedom of the New World

-France is purged by Cardinal Richelieu of all "heretics"

-Torture is officially outlawed in England, making it even more of a bastion for all Europeans (in 1640). -Oliver Cromwell creates the Puritan Republic for a spell (about 11 years)- also called the Interregnum. After Charles I's cavaliers are defeated by the Puritan roundheads, the Puritan Republic began. During this period, the Commonwealth Parliament and Oliver Cromwell re-molded English society. They near-abolished all "dishonorable" and "devilish" pastimes and activites, like gambling, theaters, and prostitution, and promoted those considered "virtuous", like opera. Oliver Cromwell also ended up granting more rights to Jews after discussing it with a rabbi, Rabbi ben Israel. He changed England from its former no-Jews-worshiping-policy to a new one that allowed private worship, but one that still discriminated against them. Either way, a step up for Jews all over Europe, where they were persecuted relentlessly. Thus, in all these aspects, Oliver Cromwell and his Republic did much to improve the condition of Europe and make reforms that needed to be made, despite him coming into power on sketchy terms.

-The Great Plague of Seville ravages Spain, inspiring minor revolts.

-The Deluge Wars in Poland leave the entire country ruined.

-The Great Plague and the Great Fire of London cripple England temporarily

-Widespread famines in France kill over two million. A riot in 1652 led to people in Lorraine to eat grass. There, and in areas around it, people died from starvation, diseases contracted from eating grass, and freezing to death. In 1662, grass eating was also sited, in addition to cannibalism in disturbingly often and widespread reports. This famine was based priamrily in Burgundy. In 1694, a famine caused marauding crowds of furious citizens to raid walled cities in search of bread, tossing their findings within the cities over the wells to the hungry waiting outside. This famine was based primarily in Meulon. From these famines, one can observe that the general condition of peasants of Europe during the 17th century has not been good, and it also provides a bit of insight into the social structure of many societies.

-Famines in Finland wipe out about a third of the population. This famine was known as The Great Famine, and lasted from 1696 to 1697, right at the end of the 17th century.

-From 1638-51 there are the wars of the three kingdoms (civil wars in Scotland, Ireland, and England.)

-Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence the Russo-Turkish Wars in 1676.

-1601-03: A Russian famine kills about a 1/3 of Russian population.

-WITCHCRAFT- Many Europeans remained occupied with ideas of sin, death, and the Devil. Even religious people who were sympathetic to emerging scientific ideas continued to believe in the power of magic and the occult. Between 1400-1700, courts sentenced an estimated 70,000-100,000 people to death for harmful magic and diabolical witchcraft. The practice of condemning witches was more present in the idea of misogyny- perhaps because women were seen as inferior (women widows were viewed at a lower spectrum than male widows), or there were more women who acted in jobs associated with death (ie: wet nurses). Almost everywhere women were accused and executed more than men, with 80% of those accused and 85% of those executed in Europe being women. Possession of magical powers, for good or ill, made a person in a village society important and highly susceptible to danger.It can also be claimed that witch beliefs were a way to defy urban Christian society's attempts to impose its laws and institutions on the countryside; a substitute for an impossible social revolt. A more likely cause is religious division and warfare or political aggrandizement, causing tensions. Anyone could be accused of witchcraft and this often threatened anarchy. Protestants came to ridicule Satanism because the Reformation put the Devil in a more manageable perspective: "One little word (God) can slay him," Luther wrote of the devil in the great hymn of the Reformation. The imaginative and philosophical literature of the 1500s and 1600s, while continuing to display concern for religion and belief in the supernatural, also suggested that people have a degree of control over their own lives and should not be constantly fearing demons and resorting to supernatural aid. Still, there was a rise in the 17th century of the amount of deaths by this reasoning. It is apparent that in the early 1640s, when the English Civil War resulted in the suspension of jury courts for three years that several freelance witch-hunters emerged, the most notorious being Matthew Hopkins, who proclaimed himself "Witchfinder General". Also, the Bubonic Plague that struck the city of London in 1603 and the Great Fire of London of 1666 were believed to be the work of witched. Some argue that religious persecution was a prime cause for the prevalence of witch hunts in Europe and Scotland. Those who traveled to the new world brought their fears with them; proof being the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. From 1661 to 1662 Scotland held one of the largest witch hunts in European history, in which an estimated 600 people were accused of witchcraft or ritually summoning the devil. With the exception of the witch-hunt of 1597, there had never previously been so many people convicted of witchcraft. The hunt began two years after the death of Oliver Cromwell and a year after Charles II had recovered the crown, making him the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. A historian, Brian Levack argues that the reason for such a large number of accusations may have been a display of power by the regime of the rule of Charles II- Many suspected victims were re-accused by the administration of Charles. In Germany, between the years of 1560 and 1630 the execution of witches rose steadily and reached its climax in 1626. This may be explained by correlation of the weather and how people lacked understanding of the changing events and had faith in superstition. There was a mini-ice age and the price of crops rose with only the wealthy able to purchase the high-priced grain. The poor populace concluded that witches were responsiblel for tampering with the weather.

<span style="color: #000726; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #ffe5e6; color: #004200; display: block; font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 50%; text-align: center;">¡Sorpresa! Don Quixote de la Mancha, Legendary Knight of Yore Yet another freaking hilarious video found by John Eichholz, the reigning king of youtube. media type="youtube" key="sOjQqtUnBBQ" height="344" width="425" <may contain a tad bit of mature material, but the video is totally immature Alonso Quixano is a retired country gentleman in his fifties, living in an unnamed section of La Mancha (literally translated, "The Spot") with his housekeeper and his niece. He has become addicted to books of chivalry, and transitions into a world where everything he reads is true, despite the fact that many of the events that transpired in the books were obviously false. He appears to have lost his mind to the people Around him. The First Task: He decides that he wants an adventure, so puts on a rusty old suit of armor, rechristens himself as "Don Quixote de la Mancha" and his wimpy horse as Rocinante. He then dubs his neighbor, Aldonza Lorenzo, as his love, Dulcinea del Toboso, in his mind. Eventually he acquires his helmet (if by acquires, you mean steals, and by helmet, you mean barber's basin). He travels to an inn (which he believes to be a castle) and asks the innkeeper for the lord of the castle, so that Quixote could be dubbed a knight. He fights the horse groomers in the stables who tried to remove his horse's armor to water Rocinante, after which the innkeeper, weary of his presence, "dubs" him a knight, and sends him along. Quixote ends up fighting some traders from the city of Toledo for insulting his "lady-love", the imaginary Dulcinea del Toboso. He then frees an innocent boy tied to a tree by his employer for askinga bout his wages. Quixote is returned him by his neighbor, Pedro Crespo. Second Task: After being returned home, he polts his "daring escape" from his "prison". Meanwhile, his housekeeper, the local barber, the parish curate, and his niece burn most of the books in his library about chivalry, telling him an evil wielder of dark magicks carried them off. Quixote approaches his rather dim-witted neighbor, Sancho Panza,and asks him to be his squire, promising him a governorship in return for his services. They sneak off to fight some windmills, or what Quixote believes to be giants ravaging the countryside. He fails, being thrashed by the windmills. Although the former half of the novel is quite nearly completely farcical, the latter half is somber and philosophical about the theme of deception and cruelty. Don Quixote's imaginings are made the butt of outrageously cruel practical jokes, at the hands of many characters. Even Sancho is unintentionally forced to deceive him at one point; trapped into finding Quixote's "Dulcinea", Sancho brings back three unknown peasant girls and tells Quixote that they are Dulcinea and her ladies-in-waiting. When Don Quixote only sees three peasant girls, Sancho lies and says that Quixote suffers from a cruel magick which does not permit him to see the truth of the matter. Sancho eventually gets his imaginary island governorship and unexpectedly proves to be wise and practical; though this, too, ends in utter failure. Near the end of the book, due to these many attacks on Quixote's life, he develops a sort of melancholy sometimes seeming to be bipolar. He eventually renounces all his ties to the world of chivalry and medievalism and develops a brooding, sad state of mind. Quite ironically, those who previously tried to convince Quixote that he was living a lie were now trying to force back into his world of dragons and dwarves, if only to break his spell of misery. These attempts fail, and Alonso Quixano dies a broken-spirited and irrationally sane man
 * First Modern Novel
 * Satire on chivalry
 * World renowned novel that is now a broadway musical ad various movies
 * Here is a summary of the book. You will see the video is not entirely accurate, but creative and awesome nonetheless:

<span style="color: #f3687e; display: block; font-family: verdana,geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 200%; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ea1f4e; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 200%; text-align: center;">**__ART OF THE 17TH CENTURY__** [|**http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KG3X8Bpw3fQ&feature=related**] [|**http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBEalcIQ5y4**] CARTOONS: -The Baroque period began in early 17th century Italy and lasted over a century in some parts of Europe. -It started as part of the Counter-Reformation movement, a response to the new forms of Christianity. It was to aid in converting people back to the church by promoting its power and authority. The Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent thought that art should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement -Its drama and grandeur were represented by sculptures, paintings, literature, dances, and music. -The aristocracy also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumphant power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. -The word //baroque// is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco", Spanish "barroco", or French "baroque", all of which refer to a "rough or imperfect pearl". -Baroque art is characterized by highly developed naturalistic illusionism, usually heightened by dramatic lighting effects. There is an excess of theatricality, energy, and movement of forms. It is intense with an emotionally-charged subject and beautiful details. However, this excessive detail can often be seen as overly-ornate or gaudy. -There were three major periods: 1) Early Baroque (1590-1625): Carracci and Carvaggio painted under papal patronage, Bernini abandoned early mannerism to express a more naturalistic energy. In architecture, Carlo Maderno’s facades for St. Peter’s moved more towards classical orders. 2) High Baroque (1625-1660): The exuberance of the artwork is best exemplified by Bernini and Borromini in architecture, by Bernini in sculpture, and by da Cortona in painting. Poussin and Claude Lorrain used the classicist mode. A myriad of first-rank painters emerged including Rembrandt, Rubens, Velazquez, and Anthony van Dyck. 3) Late Baroque (1660-1725): Italy lost its artistic dominance to France, because of Louis XIV’s patronage. This style was popular in Germany and Austria as well- the architecture was very theatrical and can be seen in the work of Neumann and Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. As it spread to the new world, rococo emerged. -Baroque art placed an emphasis on grandeur, which can be seen as absolutist in nature. Louis XIV said “I am grandeur incarnate”.  -Architecture departed from the Renaissance and took on fluid, plastic aspects of sculpture. Buildings have great curves and are very complex, with domes of various shapes, as in the churches of Francesco Borromini, Guarino Guarini, and Balthasar Neumann. Many works of architecture were colossal, such as Bernini’s elliptical piazza in front of St. Peter’s in Rome or in the palace at Versailles, designed by Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and Andre Le Notre. -Caravaggio’s methods can be illustrated by his use of “chiaroscuro” in his dramatic realism, or solidly defined figures will expressive gestures in unusual groups, composed within a shallow foreground space. It then exhibits three-dimension form; it had been revolutionary.

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