18th+Century





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Eighteenth Century Timeline


 * = ** Topic in Eighteenth Century European History ** ||= ** Color Code on Timeline ** ||
 * = France and Great Britain in the Early Eighteenth Century ||= Red ||
 * = Austria and Prussia in the Early Eighteenth Century ||= Lime ||
 * = Rise of Russian Power ||= Orange ||
 * = Major Innovations in the Textile- Manufacturing Revolution ||= Blue ||
 * = Conflicts of the Mid- Eighteenth Century ||= Yellow ||
 * = Events in Britain and America Relating to the American Revolution ||= Green ||
 * = Major Works of the Enlightenment ||= Pink ||
 * = Russia Under Catherine the Great ||= Purple ||
 * = The French Revolution ||= Teal ||
 * = Agricultural Improvements ||= Grey ||

1700- The Great Northern War opens between Russia and Sweden 1703- St. Petersburg is founded 1711-1740- Charles VI rules Austria and secures agreement to the Pragmatic Sanction 1713- Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession 1714- George I becomes king of Great Britain (Hanoverian Dynasty begins) 1715- Louis XV becomes king of France 1720- Mississippi Bubble bursts in France and South Sea Bubble bursts in Great Britain 1720- 1742- Robert Walpole dominates British politics 1722- Peter the Great issues the Table of Ranks 1725- Peter dies leaving an uncertain succession

James Kay invents the flying shuttle -1733 War of Jenkins’s Ear between England and Spain- 1739 War of Austrian Succession commences-1740 Maria Theresa succeeds to the Hapsburg Throne- 1740 Frederick II violates the Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia- 1740 Treaty of Aix -la-Chapelle- 1748 Montesquieu’s // Spirit of Laws- //// 1748 // Agricultural Revolution in Britain- 1750’s The first volume of the // Encyclopedia // is edited by Diderot- 1751 Seven Years’ War opens- 1756 1757- Battle of Plassey 1760- George III becomes King 1762- Rousseau’s // Social Contract // and // Emile // 1762- Catherine the Great becomes empress of Russia 1763- Treaty of Hubertusburg 1763- Treaty of Paris (Concludes Seven Year’s War) 1763- Voltaire’s // Treatise on Toleration // 1765- James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny 1769- James Watt invents the steam engine 1769- Richard Arkwright patents the Water Frame 1770- Boston Massacre 1771-1775- Pugachev’s Rebellion America’s Declaration of Independence from England- 1776 France allies with America in the American Revolution- 1778 1781- British surrender at Yorktown- 1781 Second Treaty of Paris concludes American Revolution- 1783 Catherine the Great issues the Charter of Nobility- 1785 Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright- 1787 The Estates General opens at Versailles-1789 The fall of the Bastille- 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is issued- 1789 Civil Constitution of the Clergy is adopted- 1790

1792- Wollstonecraft’s Vindication on the Rights of Women 1792- The Convention meets, and the Monarchy is abolished 1793-1794- Reign of Terror 1793- Louis XVI is executed 1793- Counterrevolution breaks out in the Vendee 1793- Cult of Reason is established 1794- Danton and Robespierre are both executed 1795- The Constitution of the Year III is adopted 1795- The Directory is established


 * SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS **

[Family Economy] - During the Ancient Regime, Family Economy system was based on the household being the basic unit of production and consumption. - Everyone in the household worked. - Family Economy dominated the life of skilled urban artisans - In Eastern Europe, Family Economy functioned in the context of serfdom and landlord domination. [Women] - Women struggled for equal rights. Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges were two outstanding women’s rights leaders in the 18th century. - They were considered vulnerable and precarious during the Old Regime. - During the Enlightenment, Rousseau’s ideas of separate spheres of occupation between men and women were popular throughout this century. - With the exception of Rousseau’s radical beliefs, the philosophes were not strong feminists, but they did believe in broader education for women. - Women’s main responsibility was maintaining the house, bear children, and tend to the husband. [Education] - With the emergence of a //print culture//, the amount of books, magazines and newspapers increased. Public libraries grew as well. - With the increase in literature, literacy rates grew. - // The Encyclopedia // was created, helping Enlightenment thought diffuse throughout Europe. - Many people believed in a broader education for women. Mary Wollstonecraft believed that by denying education to women, it impedes the progression of society. [Family Structure] - Western Europe ~Families usually consisted of a married couple with a few kids and servants. ~High mortality rates and late marriages prevented there from being more than two generations alive at once ~Nuclear as opposed to extended family ~Neolocalism – the practice of moving away form home

- Eastern Europe ~ Early Marriage – usually before twenty ~ More generations alive at once ~ Did not start new households, only expanded existing one ~ Landowners made certain requirements of serfs to ensure the maximum produce from the land. [Social Classes] - Upper Class ~generally a small group of nobles, larges merchant bankers, financers, and government officials ~ This class controlled the political and economic affairs of the town. They were the smallest, wealthiest, most defined, and socially responsible class. - Middle Class ~ Usually consisted of merchants, trades people, bankers, and other professionals ~ They often clashed with the upper class because they jeopardized their titles ~ They were the main consumers and producers in society ~ They also tended to be the most economically aggressive and socially ambitious. - Lower Class ~ Largest social class ~Grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinet makers, smiths etc. ~ Very conservative ~ Lives centered on work ~ Guilds were their chief protection ~ Very vulnerable economic position



Intellectual /__**//Technological//**__ Milestones = =

18th century Europe was a time of intellectual and technological innovation. It also saw the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Up to this point in European history, economies were mostly based on agriculture and manufacturing was done mostly by hand. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain for several reasons. 1. Great Britain had huge reserves of coal and iron 2. No internal trade barriers and good roads/waterways allowed for rapid and efficient trade/spread of ideas 3. London was the largest city in Europe 4. Laws/taxes in England were universal and social mobility was very possible. This also meant that wealthy merchants could invest into business and industry and this would support the growth of factories. The Industrial Revolution for Dummies!: media type="youtube" key="WBWQlKYzhLY" height="241" width="294" During the 18th century, the Enclosure Movement was popular in England, at least among the aristocracy. The wealthy landowners of England began to monopolize common land often forcing poorer farmers to lose everything they owned. -Faced with the prospect of homelessness and starvation, the Enclosure Movement drove many homeless farmers to cities to seek jobs, and at the time factory jobs were available -Although factory jobs were often dangerous, required long hours, and paid little, poor farmers had no choice but to work in these factories because they needed work quickly and it was not available elsewhere.


 * [[image:http://energytechstocks.com.previewmysite.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/coal-train330.jpg width="212" height="210" caption="coal"]] ||



As a result of the introduction of factories, many people living in rural areas migrated to urban centers of trade to seek jobs in factories. Paradoxically factory owners were motivated to make as much profit as possible and began to take advantage of their workers. Women and children were especially easy to take advantage of because of : -Women and children had less rights than men and could be forced to work for lower wages -Often children were forced to work in order to support the family economy, or else the family would fall further into debt than they already were Factory owners forced women and children to work long hours for low pay, and children often lost limbs working in mines and factories

The Industrial Revolution: Journey through the eyes of children: media type="youtube" key="8zXwZ0vnBno" height="258" width="315"

There were no laws at the time prohibiting child labor and if children lost limbs, they were simply replaced, losing the almost-nothing wages they received.

Some Important 18th-Century technological innovations
Steam Engine- provided a year-round source of power because it was not dependent upon elements of nature which are not constant through the year. The first steam engine was created by Thomas Newcomen to pump water from the mines.

The first piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori

Spinning Jenny- by the end of the 18th century, this invention allowed a spinner to so spin 120 spindles of thread at a time This revolutionary invention was created by James Hargreaves

Flying Shuttle- Increased productivity of weavers in the textile industry Due to the invention of the 2 latter machines, the textile industry led the way in the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution: media type="youtube" key="aO3AW0JAHmU" height="278" width="339"

__// Intellectual //__/Technological Milestones
IMPORTANT THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHES: Isaac Newton- Law of Universal Gravitation Sir Isaac Newton was a supporter of using empirical data and observations when conducting research. Newton's researched showed a pattern of rationality, consistency, and universality in the physical world. This sort of world view contributed to the introduction of Deism, which many philosophes began to follow later in the 18th century.

media type="youtube" key="NWE_aGqfUDs" height="259" width="315"

Candide (1759) - A satirical work attacking war and religious persecution
 * François-Marie Arouet** ( Voltaire ) - Voltaire was a philosophe who championed civil liberties, sought reform, and was a successful writer


 * Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu**- Montesquieu was a French noble whose most influential idea involved the separation of powers in government with different branches checking/balancing each other so that no single branch gained too much power


 * Jean Jacques Rousseau-** Rousseau, although a very influential philosophe of the 18th century, he was viewed as radical and often disliked by other writers/thinkers such as Mary-Katelyn-Fletcher-Wollstonecraft

Rousseau supported learning through experience in 2 of his works, //The Social Contract (1762)-// His idea on what a sound political structure should look like, but does not offer any specific reforms, therefore leaving room for trial and error (otherwise learning through experience)//,// and //Émile-// Explains the nature of education and that people should be left to learn through personal experience instead of always being instructed what to do word for word by an overbearing instructor. //(1762)//

Denis Diderot- He was one of the main editors of the //[|Encyclopédie].// The Encyclopedia was a vast collection of information known to that day. It consisted of 17 volumes of articles, 11 volumes of illustrations, 18,000 pages of text, 75,000 entries, and approximately 20,000,000 words in total.

Edmund Burke- Edmund Burke was an Irish born English statesman, writer, and philosopher. He was known for his vehement opposition to the French Revolution and his writings on it became well known.

David Hume- This man was a Scottish philosopher and economist. He was famous for his insistence on use of empiricism and his skepticism of anything not supported by empirical data. "The greatest miracle is that people believe in miracles." - THERE IS NO EMPIRICAL DATA SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF MIRACLES!

__ 18th century Romantic thinkers __
The Age of Romanticism was a period in European history where people began to feel alienated from the cold rationalism of the Enlightenment Era claiming that previous 18th century thinkers and philosophes relied too much on empirical data and ignored the true beauty of the world.

The Romantic Era in European history was fascinated by nature, the supernatural, religion, Medieval culture, dreams, hallucinations, sleepwalking, folklore, folksongs, and surrealism.

__//Immanuel Kant//__- His //The Critique of Pure Reason// and his //The Critique of Practical Reason// are considered the two greatest philosophical works of the 18th century. In these two works, Kant, in a way tried to re-conciliate the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the mysticism of Romanticism. He stood fast by his belief in the existence of God but at the same time was not against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.

One such Enlightenment thinker by the name of John Locke supported the concept of //Tabula Rasa// (which translates into blank tablet) in his //An Essay Concerning Human Understanding//. Basically, tabula rasa means that when a person enters the world, he or she enters with a completely clear mind and that their very person and mentality is shaped through sensory experience.

Kant was against this idea and instead supported the idea that the human mind has mental categories of its own that comprehend sensory experiences to different degrees of understanding.

__Johann Gottfried Herder__- Another such example of dislike towards the cold, unrelenting rationalism of the Enlightenment. He disliked how the Enlightenment had set definitions for society to follow. Instead, he thought that humankind could not be confined to a specific category for all eternity, but rather each generation differed according to time and place.

__Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel__- He is considered the single most important philosopher of history of the Age of Romanticism. He believed that in order for humanity to make progress, conflict must occur.

He labeled a predominant set of ideas the //thesis// This is where the conflict occurs: The //thesis// is challenged by another set of ideas known as the //antithesis.// When these two forces collide and inevitably warp, //synthesis// occurs and thus a new thesis is produced

//thesis + antithesis = synthesis > new thesis//

__William Blake__- A true embodiment of Romantic spirit. He considered it a fallacy that so many people were too consumed by an unforgiving world of rationalism to embrace the beauty, innocence, and creativity of the world.

Blake himself lamented at the fact that he could not see the world as he saw fit.

__Samuel Taylor Coleridge-__ Another great example of the Romantic spirit was Coleridge. He was a poet of Gothicism and the supernatural.

__William Wordsworth__- Coleridge's best friend. He too was a Romantic writer and supported the Romantic spirit of innocence and creativity as supposed to plain rationalism of the Enlightenment.

Both Coleridge and Wordsworth believed that childhood was the pinnacle of creativity and imagination.

In order to put himself in a state of childlike-imagination, Coleridge got himself high with Opium. He wrote many of his greatest works under the influence of opium.



"**People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors." -- Edmund Burke **

** "Any institution which does not suppose the people good, and the magistrate corruptible, is evil."-- Maximilien Robespierre **

= = =“It is with regret that I pronounce the fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Louis must die that the country may live”-- Maximilien Robespierre = = = = = = = = = = "Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights. Social distinctions can be based only on the common utility."-- Olympe de Gouges = = = = = = = = = = "I perceive that, in revolutions, the supreme power rests with the most abandoned." -- Georges Jacques Danton = = = = = = = = = = "Five or six hundred heads cut off would have assured your repose, freedom and happiness."-- Jean Paul Marat =



Religion in the Century


 * ===Religion was the one unifying factor between people of different nations.===
 * ===Enabled peasants and the lower class to have hope that although they may have been starving, they have a chance of going to heaven and having a good life after death.===
 * ===In the eighteenth century, many forms of Christianity were hurt although Roman Catholicism was criticized the most due to the thought and publications of the philosophes.===
 * ===Voltaire’s quote of “//Crush the Infamous Thing//” led to this hindrance of religion in the eighteenth century.===

Deism


 * ===Many of the philosophes of the Enlightenment agreed upon one form of religion known as Deism.===
 * ===Despite the death of Newton, his ideas carried on with the thought that nature was a rational concept.===
 * ===To the enlightened thinkers that God who had created nature must be rational as well.===
 * ===The thought of the combination of religion and reason led to the Deist movement in the Enlightenment era.===
 * ===One of the main aspects of Deism is the concept of life after death.===
 * ===According to virtue, one will be either rewarded or punished based on their sins and good deeds.===


 * ===John Toland wrote one of the earliest Deist works named //Christianity Not Mysterious// which portrayed the general thought of Deism.===
 * ===Differs from the earlier thought of religion as a phenomenon and it as a supernatural in the world. Enlightened thinkers as well as Deists hoped that if everybody converted to Deism, the conflicts between different religions and different sects of religion would vanish.===

Religious Tolerance


 * ===The concept of religious tolerance was once of the most important reforms that Enlightened thinkers fought for.===
 * ===One of the major books written due to the death of a man named Calas was //Treatise on Tolerance// by Voltaire. This work portrayed the thought that a great deal of reform needed to be accomplished for there to be social order.===
 * ===A second and also very influential book during the Enlightenment was //Nathan the Wise//, which was written by Gotthold Lessing in 1779. This work called for the widespread practice of religious tolerance not only in the various sects of Christianity, but also in other religions as well.===



Religion Criticized

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 * ===Philosophes did not just advocate for the conversion of Deism and for religious tolerance.===
 * ===Some thinkers even went so far as to attack the Catholic Church.===
 * ===In one of Voltaire's works, Philosophical Dictionary in 1764, Voltaire criticized the immoral actions of many of the main biblical figures. He also pointed out inconsistencies of narratives throughout the Bible.===
 * ===Another major work criticizing religion was //Inquiry into Human Nature// by David Hume. Written in 1748, Hume argued that there is no empirical evidence to support the events that took place in the Bible, and the miracles that were said to have taken place.===
 * ===Edward Gibbon further explained this in his book //The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire// where he explained the events that took place in history in terms of natural causes rather than by the way the Bible explains it as miracles.===
 * ===The philosophes strived not to get rid of religion as a whole, but instead use the concept or religion to help influence the people of Europe to live virtuous lives===


 * Economic Policies **


 * ===Many of the philosophes had strong opinions on the stance that countries should take relating to their economic policies.===


 * ===Economic reformers that fought for the well being of the economy were called physiocrats.===


 * ===This group of enlightened thinkers believed that the main role that the government should play in the economy was to protect the property of it’s people and to allow the property owners to use it as they wish.===

Adam Smith


 * ===One of the most important if not the most important economic figure during the eighteenth century was Adam Smith===


 * ===In his most prominent work //Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations//, Smith showed how the system of economic liberty and freedom was the foundation for a strong economy.===

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 * ===However, the strong mercantilist policies held by England would have to be abolished and a policy of Laissez Faire would===
 * ===have to be implemented.===
 * ===Smith argued that with the economy too regulated, economic growth would not be able to occur and people would not be able to expand their businesses.===
 * ===Smith argued that with the economy too regulated, economic growth would not be able to occur and people would not be able to expand their businesses.===


 * ===Many of the Enlightened figures believed that a strict policy of Laissez Faire needed to be put on as before, however the government needed to do their job by protecting the shipping ships from pirates of foreign invaders.===


 * ===Many of the Western countries were obtaining too much of their wealth from the New World===


 * ===This money that was coming in was not being used to build factories and infrastructure in their nations.===


 * ===The Industrial Revolution was in the latter half of the Eighteenth Century and brought about a new era of factories and population growth in the new cities.===


 * ===James Watt who was a Scottish inventor created the Steam Engine which enabled companies and nations to move products from factories into the cities.===


 * ===Many new farming products were invented to keep up with the growing population.===


 * ===Tenements were built and pubs began springing up near factories ad the cities.===

=**Who is this person?** =


 * ===Major works included Candide and Treatise on Tolerance.===
 * ===The name that we know him by is his pen name and he was a French Enlightenment writer.===
 * ===One of the reforms that he fought for the most was religious tolerance and he participated in many salons around Europe.===




 * ===He was French and one of his most major works was Spirit of Laws.===
 * ===One of his main beliefs was in separation of powers and also fought to raise the social class of women at the time.===




 * ===Major works included Emile as well as The Social Contract.===
 * ===He believed in the separate spheres of men and women and had very little friends.===
 * ===Another one of his main beliefs was for general will.===




 * ===He was the last king of France.===
 * ===His weak ruling enabled the French Revolution to occur.===
 * ===He was also guillotined during the course of the revolution.===


 * ===He was the Prime Minister of England during the course of the French revolution.===
 * ===His father had the same name but was known for being “The Elder” unlike this man.===


 * ===He was the main leader during the French Revolution.===
 * ===Was responsible for killing many people due to acts of treason and further radicalized the revolution into its radical stage.===
 * ===He was also responsible for the Cult of Supreme Being, the Temple of Reason, and the Republic of Virtue.===
 * ===The end of the Reign of Terror came with his death on the guillotine.===




 * ===Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and was a major figure in the French Revolution.===
 * ===She fought for more rights for woman although later she was executed at the guillotine.===




 * ===Was famous for his writings in his newspaper.===
 * ===He was responsible for many of the executions during the French Revolution by accusing them of treason.===
 * ===He further radicalized the French Revolution.===
 * ===This man was also murdered later on and became a legacy.===




 * ===This woman wrote the book known as //Vindication on the Rights of Women//===
 * ===Was a major advocate for women's rights during the Enlightenment===

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 * ===This man is known for his scientific skepticism and doctrines relating to naturalism and material causes.===



Answers (Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Louis XVI, William Pitt the Younger, Robespierre, Olympe de Gouges, Marat,Wollstonecraft, Hume)


Rococo and Neoclassical art were the most famous art styles in the 18th century. Rococo style art was most popular in France where it was made popular by Louis XV. Rococo art has very elaborate ornamentation and is characterized by curves and pastel colors, Rococo spread from France to Germany and Austria. Rococo style can be found in eighteenth century art as well as architecture. Rococo details on buildings contained highly detailed ornamental gold and silver filigree and plasterwork. Here are examples of the Rococo style.

1. The grand salon of the Roquelaure mansion in Paris, France, is characteristic of the rococo style that developed during the reign of Louis XV. The room has pale pastel colors, gold leaf, and elaborate and delicate ornamentation with many curving forms.



2. Jean-Antoine Watteau’s //The Embarkation for the Island of Cythera,// (1717) is one of the best examples of French rococo painting. Watteau’s delicate, airy styleshows members of the French upper classes socializing outside.



The following three paintings are additional examples of the Rococo style. Each painting has the typical elements of rococo painting such as the use of pastel colors and fanciful, elaborate settings. Rococo art often includes foliage and animal scenes.

3. __The Swing__ by Jean Honore Fragonard



4. __Girl Resting__ by Francois Boucher



5. __The Birth of Venus__ by Jacques Charlier



After the revolution, Rococo art began to be replaced by the Neoclassical style of art. At the time, the Rococo style of art was criticized by social reformers such as Voltaire. Neoclassical art imitated Greco-Roman art, which was associated with the ancient Greek and Roman democracies. Neoclassical art is much less ornamental and detailed than the Rococo style of art. Usually there are only a few figures who are posing. Here are examples of Neoclassical art.

1. __The Oath of the Horatii__ by French artist Jacques-Louis David. This painting shows the three Horatii brothers vowing to sacrifice their lives for their country and is influenced by classical Roman art



2. This self-portrait by the Swiss artist Angelica Kauffmann was painted in the late 18th century. Kauffmann was a proponent of the neoclassical school of painting. This piece shows the artist in a Roman setting, wearing Roman garments. The painting has a stillness that is not found in Rococo work.

3. A similar neoclassical portrait is this one of French society leader Juliette Récamier by French painter François Gérard, the official painter to Napoleon and his court. The portrait is considered to be a prime example of French neoclassicism.

4. An example of neoclassical sculpture is this sculpture by Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. The sculpture is inspired by Greek mythology and shows the young Trojan youth alongside the Greek god Zeus, who has taken the form of an eagle. According to Greek mythology, the eagle Zeus carries Ganymede off to live among the gods on Mount Olympus.

5. This vase was designed by the English sculptor John Flaxman for Josiah Wedgwood in about 1780. It is decorated with neoclassical scenes from Greek mythology and has straight neoclassical lines across the bottom.



Map of Europe

1. The country where William Pitt the Younger was Prime Minister?

2. Catherine the Great ruled this land during the Enlightenment.

3 This country saw the guillotine behead many enemies of the state.

4. Cesare Beccaria's homeland.

5. The country where the englightened despot Joseph II ruled.

6. Where John Locke was born.

7. Where Phillip of Anjou became king.

8. The War of Jenkins's Ear was started by this country.

9. Better ways to drain land were invented in this country.

10. Voltaire's home nation.

11. These two countries participated in the First Partrition of Poland.

12. Where Pugachev's Rebellion occured.

13. This area was starting to disappear at the end of the 18th century.

14. Where physiocrat Adam Smith was from.

15.The Spirit of Laws were written by a man from this country.

ANSWERS ( 1.B 2.H 3.A 4.C 5.F 6.B 7.G 8.B 9.D 10.A 11. F and H 12.H 13.E 14.B 15.A )

TONIGHT'S HOT TOPIC: Women's Rights
Madame Marie Geoffrin: Ladies and gentlemen please take your seats! Today we have a renowned defender of women's rights from England who is here to express her ideas to us not simply as Frenchmen or women but as intellectuals who are of equal esteem and prestige! Without further ado, let me introduce to you Mary Wollstonecraft!

Mary Wollstonecraft: Thank you Madame Geoffrin I am honored that you have invited me to speak in your presence, although I must admit, i am quite appalled by that pile of dirty, useless, filthbag sitting in the corner over there. If you don't mind, I would like somebody to dispose of the trash.

Jean Jacques Rousseau: Ladies, ladies, there is more than enough of me **//to go around//**, I assure you of this.

Wollstonecraft: Silence you foul-tongued disgrace! Your remarks reflect even more of your idiocy than your addle-brained philosophy!

Madame Geoffrin: Let us not open such hostilities, the night is still young. Now, Mary, as you are well aware, I asked you to come tonight to comment on your great work: //A Vindication on the Rights of Woman,// and I have brought Monsieur Rousseau here as well to see hear his opinions on your work as well. Although it is no great secret that the two of you have completely opposite views on women's roles in society, it makes it all the more interesting for the honored guests we have here tonight.

Rousseau: Frankly, I am quite offended that i was not introduced properly and I --

Wollstonecraft: Shut up you bloody sack of filth! Anyways, Madame Geoffrin I would be pleased to comment upon my work. I have taken the liberty of bringing copies here tonight for anybody who would like to read them.



In my work, I mainly talk about my support for women and men to receive an equal education. Also, for the moral and social equality of both sexes.

As future AP European History classes may study about me, my infallible logic on equal education for women and men is that to deny women an education is to hinder the progress of humanity because by doing so, you are effectively denying literacy to half of the population: oh what great mothers they would make when they cannot even ready their children to sleep!

Women are essential to a nation's economy and not just property to be traded among men. In today's day and age, the time of colonial warfare, women must work and support both the domestic and national economy. How can an uneducated class lead a nation's very foundation of trade and wealth?

We are past the Dark Ages! You are dwelling in the past you pig brained fool. Women play a far larger role in society!

Jean Jacques Rousseau: Hmph, and for the worse! Women should not be managing family affairs outside of the home. God made Eve submit to Adam, and therefore Adam's sons and daughters must follow the example of their ancestors!

Women and men must inhabit separate spheres of social life. Woman's role is to manage the domestic sphere of life, meaning: They must produce children and raise them to be morally and socially just. They must also keep the household in an acceptable condition, cook meals, and what not. They must also be ready to submit to man's will whenever it is desired.

Man has these rights because God gave them to him and also gave him superiority and dominance over woman. Also, women are in the debt of man forever because Eve sprung from one of Adam's ribs, and thus came into existence!

Furthermore, even in their own domestic spheres women are of little significance. Although it is ideal for women to be the ones to raise children, I believe that children should be left alone during their childhood so that they may learn the workings of the world around them through experience. If a mother is too constraining, a child will be robbed of his right to exploration and his creative imagination will go to waste! Therefore, women have little use not only in the outside world, but in their very own domestic spheres as well. Now that I have presented my arguments, I think it is safe for me to state that women are nothing more than domestic servants, do not require education, and are simply here to produce children!

Mary Wollstonecraft: You are the perfect example, of why I hate men. You are just like my father! He was a careless drunk with no regard for the welfare of women and regularly beat my mother!

You sir, who would not be HALF as famous as you are now without the support of women, has helped conceive quite a number of infants, and yet you take accept no responsibilities of paternity!

Rousseau: Bah! it is not my fault those inferior women insist on being common whores and demanding children of me!

Wollstonecraft: You are the most swine covered filth to walk the Earth! I CHALLENGE YOU TO A DUEL!

Madame Geoffrin: PEOPLE PEOPLE STOP THIS MADNESS!

WOLLSTONECRAFT, ROUSSEAU, YOU ARE BOTH DISMISSED!

Geoffrin: Well folks, this was not the best intellectual discussion an 18th century salon has seen, perhaps it would have been better to invite philosophes a bit less... hateful of one another:D

[|Bible Answers]