15th+Century

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(That is some cool headwear, ladies.) //A trip through Quattrocento Artwork: inside the Golden Age of the Renaissance.// -Peak of culture = High Renaissance, late fifteenth - early sixteenth century -People rediscovered importance of the individual and his/her artistic creativity

How it's different from Medieval Art: Medieval = abstract, unnatural interpretation of world, 2-D, highly religious themes used to educate illiterate (gothic stain glass windows) See for yourself: __Important Early Artists__: Mosaccio (first to paint person as real human being), Giotto (father of Renaissance painting), Botticelli (famous for nudes and mythological depictions) //David// by Donatello (known for sculpting) -Another interpretation of the Biblical character David. -Marvel at how it is a "sculpture in the round" aka. you can walk around it (in Medieval times it was coming out of a wall, how lame!)

__High Renaissance Artists__: //David// by Michelangelo (caution: contains mature content... just kidding) -Michelangelo = "the divine", believed a sculptor "liberates figure from the marble that imprisons it" -Perfect example of artistic devotion to harmony, symmetry, accuracy and proportion -Famous free standing nude of strong, heroic male body -Contrapposto = style used in classical art, weight concentrated on one leg with rest of body turned or relaxed so it can stand on its own -Ability of Renaissance artists to incorporate REALISM

//La Pieta// by Michelangelo (was placed in St. Peter's Basillica) -Virgin Mary holding her dead son Jesus = expression of deep human emotion of pain, concept of death -Also demonstrates ideal of classical beauty in portrayal of Mary

//The Sistine Chapel -// painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti -Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV to paint scenes from Genesis and other religiously significant depictions -//The Last Judgement// (another famous work) inside on altar wall -The paintings had a profound effect on other artists lasting till today (incredible detail, coloration, facial expressions, muscular anatomy, etc.)
 * CLICK [|HERE] FOR ONLINE TOUR OF SISTINE CHAPEL!

//The Mona Lisa// by Leonardo da Vinci ("Renaissance Man" because he was remarkably well-rounded in science, engineering, music, and architecture. He also never completed a work to his satisfaction - major perfectionist.) -Broadening of subjects - it is Mrs. Giocanda, who was a common, unimportant person -Displays da Vinci's mastery in conveying moods and complex facial features

//Vitruvian Man// by Leonardo da Vinci -Glorification of human form! -Da Vinci dissected cadavers and studied skeletons to perfect the human anatomy -Made observational drawings of nature that filled sketchbooks

__More Artists__: //The Arnolfini Marriage// by Jan Van Eyck, the "King of Painters" -Giovanni Arnolfini (wealthy merchant-class Italian/patron of the art) hired Eyck to create this portrait -Eyck famous for masterful use of oil paints (which became available in Ren. times) -Displays Flemish (Northern Renaissance) love for detail -Use of shading to enhance naturalness (chiaroscuro) -Cloth over the woman's mid-section was a way to flaunt her family's wealth (she is NOT pregnant - please, before marriage? Not in the fifteenth century! see: //15th century Social Developments//)

//School of Athens// by Raphael (a fresco - means it was done on a ceiling or wall) -Portrays great masters of Western Philosophy, including Plato and Aristotle -Displays Greco-Roman influence on Renaissance



Dome of the //Basilica di Santa Maria del Flore// by Filippo Brunelleschi -first significant free-standing dome since fall of Roman Empire

//St.Peter's Basilica// in the Vatican City - Pope Julius II -One of the holiest sites in Christendom -Took 150 years to create, designed and constructed by Michelangelo, Bramante, and Bernini

Who am I?
 * Led the czech revolts in prague
 * Used Wycliffe's ideas to help reform religon
 * His ideas ended up leading to the protestant reformation
 * Renaissance writer
 * Wrote City of Ladies
 * Was thought to be one of the first feminist writers
 * Led the French to Victory in the Siege of Orleans
 * Was made a Saint for her accomplishments
 * Was burned at the stake by the Inquisition
 * Richest family in europe
 * Held the banking power of Italy
 * Gave loans to rulers to help them with art projects as well as affording wars
 * An Italian humanist Writer
 * Was thought to be a leading role in the humanist movement
 * Wrote Donation of Constantine
 * Great humanist artist who made the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
 * Studied the human body as shown in the Virtruvian Man
 * He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time.
 * An Italian painter and a High Renaissance architect
 * Made the School of Athens
 * Worked in the Vatican for the pope.
 * These two monarchs married each other to unite their kingdom
 * They were extremely Catholic and would start the reconquista
 * Were under the Habsburg Kingdom
 * Made his on Bible
 * Invented the printing press from the ideas of the movable type in China
 * Revolutionized the way of life forever
 * "Prince of Humanism"
 * Influnced Thomas More
 * Wrote Praise of Folly
 * Wrote Utopia
 * Leading Northern Renaissance humanist
 * Beheaded after the refusal to accept the Act of Supremecy
 * Patron of the Portuguese Exploration
 * Opened Schools of Navigation to help out Future explorers
 * Worked in the African Slave Trade
 * First explorer to passed through the Cape of Good Hope
 * Traveled from Europe to India
 * First major explorer
 * Proved that the New World wasnt the East coast of Asia but a new contient
 * Explored the coasts of the Americans and the Amazon river as well as other rivers in South America
 * Had the New World named after him
 * Belived the world was round
 * Started an exchage inbetween what colombus found as the New World and the old one
 * Shipped for Spain and started them off on the Mercantilistic Empire they became
 * Wanted to circumnavigate the world
 * Working for the Spanish to find them a way to the spice islands
 * Died going inot the Philippines

(Answers: John Hus, Christine de Pisan, Joan of Arc, Cosimo de Medici, Lorezo Valla, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphel, Ferdinand and Isabella, Johan Gutenburg, Desiderius Erasmus, Thomas More, Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama, Amerigo Vespuci, Christoper Colombus, Ferdinand Magellan)

Map and Descriptors

1. The Fall of Constantinople happened here in 1453

2. The reconquista took place here

3.The Inquisition was held here

4. This Territory was invaded by France in 1495

5. The battle ground of the Hundred Years War was diercted here

6. Gutenburg worked here

7. The Renaissance began here

8. John Hus led the Hussites here

9.The first country to begin exploration

10. Joan of Arc fought here

11. Henry the VI opened the Star Chamber here

12. Emperor Maximillion I ruled here

13. They were the first ones to invent the long bow

14. This was the only Islamic Empire in Europe

15. This place started to muse guilds in there economy

(Answers: Ottoman Empire, Spain, Spain, Italy, France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Holy Roman Empire, Portugal,France, England, Holy Roman Empire, England, Ottoman Empire, Italy)

**__ Religion In The Century __**

**__ Jan Hus __**




 * The 1400s was a transition century.
 * John Wycliffe and the Lollards began early reform in the late 1300s
 * Wycliffe preached that personal merit was more important than rank.
 * After his death, the church accused him of __Donatism,__ which is the teaching that the validity of the sacraments relied partly on the morality of the clergy that administered them.
 * In the 1400s, Jan Hus picked up where Wycliffe left off.
 * In 1403 he became rector of the University of Prague in Bohemia.
 * Supported vernacular translation of the Bible.
 * Advocated lay communion with cup as well as bread.
 * Czech students studying at Oxford returned from England with copies of Wycliffe’s writings.
 * Hus greatly supported Wycliffe.
 * Hus was excommunicated in 1410 for his actions in Bohemia
 * Prague was then placed under papal interdict.
 * Hus was invited to the Council of Constance with a safe-conduct pass from Emperor Sigismund, where he would attempt to gain followers.
 * There he was accused of heresy and convicted.
 * On July 6, 1415, he was burned at the stake.

**__ Great Schism / Conciliar Movement __**


 * Pope Urban VI was elected in 1378, an Italian archbishop.
 * He immediately announces his intention to reform the // Curia //, angering the French cardinals, who were the majority.
 * Five months later, on September 20, 1378, thirteen cardinals (12 were French) met and elected Pope Clement VII.
 * They claimed Urban was only elected because a Roman mob demanded that an Italian was chosen.
 * Neither pope would back down, which led to a schism later known as the Great Schism.
 * In an effort to control the Great Schism, the Conciliar Movement formed.
 * The conciliar theory declared that the church was defined as the whole body of the faithful, of which the elected head, the pope, was only one part.
 * They were in favor of a representative council that could effectively regulate the actions of the pope.
 * They believed that the council of the church had more authority than the pope alone.
 * The Council of Pisa (1409-1410) attempted to end the schism on behalf of the ideas of the conciliarists.
 * Cardinals of both popes met and elected Alexander V to be the new pope.
 * However, neither pope acknowledged this and refused to give up power.
 * Now three popes competed for office.
 * Emperor Sigismund finally persuaded John XXIII (Alexander V’s successor) to convene a council in Constance in 1414.
 * Recognized by the Roman pope Gregory XII, the council asserted its supremacy in a declaration called // Sacrosancta //.
 * Martin V was elected in 1417, and the other popes either resigned or were removed from power.
 * The Conciliar Movement also had a role in ending the Hussite wars in Bohemia.
 * The Council of Basel (1431-1449) negotiated church doctrine with heretics, such as the Hussites.
 * The Hussites presented the council with the // Four Articles of Prague //.
 * These requests were the basis of negotiations.
 * An agreement was reached in 1433, the council meeting three of the four requests.
 * Although the Conciliar Movement failed, it showed that leaders need to provide for the well-being of its people, not just themselves, and it led to the shift of religious responsibility towards the laity and government.

**__ Colonies __**


 * The discovering of the Americas was a major event in all of Europe.
 * Columbus first arrived in 1492, sailing for Catholic Spain.
 * Spain had three main goals of exploration: god, gold, and glory.
 * The first part entailed the spread of Christianity.
 * This was done by establishing missions and sending priests to the Americas to act as missionaries advocating Christianity.
 * Although many followers were recruited in this way, much more were attained through forced conversion
 * Spain had a great military advantage over the natives, and they used it to force conversion very often.
 * Some missionaries, such as Bartolomé de Las Casas, opposed the mistreatment of the natives, but conversion was widely accepted.
 * As a result, the number of Catholic followers rose sharply.


 * The Jesuits also played a large part in recruiting Catholic followers in colonized areas of the world.

**__ Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella __**

**__ Fall of Constantinople __**
 * Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married in 1469, unifying the divided kingdom of Spain.
 * Together they controlled their realms, secured their borders, ventured abroad militarily, and Christianized all of Spain.
 * Spain was strongly Catholic, a major champion of the religion.
 * In 1479, they established the Inquisition, run by Tomás de Torquemada.
 * Jews and Muslims were already not allowed to exist in Christian Spain, so many converted.
 * The Inquisition monitored the converted Jews (//conversos//) and Muslims (//Moriscos//) in Spain.
 * Those that were suspected on practicing their previous religion were tried and executed for treason.
 * In 1492, all Jews were exiled and their properties were confiscated.
 * The non-converting Moors in Granada were driven into exile in 1502.
 * The exile of these citizens was detrimental to Spain’s economy however, because many Jews and Muslims were skilled middle-class members that provided important services.

**__ Joan of Arc __**
 * In 1453, Constantinople finally fell to the Ottoman Empire.
 * This was a major event because Constantinople had been the center of Christianity for many years.
 * The Crusades were fought in part to protect the city of Constantinople.
 * It was the last remaining part of the Byzantine Empire, which was part of the Roman Empire, where Christianity began.
 * Lots of Greco-Roman culture remained in this city.
 * It was an important city economically as well, strategically located between Europe and Asia.

   **__ Intellectual/Technological Milestones __**
 * Born a peasant, she claimed to hear voices in her head coming from the Heavens.
 * At one point, she supposedly heard voices in her head urging her to lead the French to victory in saving the besieged Orléans.
 * Desperate, Charles VII allowed her to go, and she was victorious.
 * She inspired the French troops to victory.
 * She was partly responsible for making Charles VII king.
 * She was later captured by the English and given over to the Inquisition, where she was tried for heresy.
 * Charles made no attempt to save her life; even after all she had done for him.
 * It was considered heretical for her to hear divine voices and claim to be a prophet.
 * After being tortured, she reluctantly recanted and was burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic on May 30, 1431.
 * In 1456, Charles reopened her trial and declared her innocent of all charges.
 * In 1920, the church declared her a saint.

**__ Longbow __**


 * Developed by the English during the Hundred Years’ War.
 * It created a military advantage, allowed the English to emerge victorious from difficult battles.
 * Able to pierce a knight’s armor from over 200 yards away.
 * Archers became more important in armies.

**__ Caravel __**
 * This new type of ship, developed in the 15th century, revolutionized sailing.
 * Much faster than previous ships, the caravel made trading by sea for profitable and efficient.
 * Exploration took less time and was cheaper, so countries were more willing to encourage it.
 * Vasco da Gama used a caravel to reach India from Europe by sailing around Africa.
 * This had not been done before without this ship.
 * Christopher Columbus used caravels as well on the voyage on which he discovered the Americas.
 * The //Niña// and the //Pinta// were caravels.
 * The resources retrieved from the New World and other foreign lands were extremely valuable and expensive.
 * In addition to jewels and precious metals, spices were a rare and interesting item that came to be used in many foods.
 * Potatoes came from America and eventually became one of the most common foods in Europe.

**__ School of Oceanic Navigation __**


 * Established in 1418 by Prince Henry the Navigator in Portugal.
 * Prince Henry was a major sponsor of exploration.
 * Europeans came from all over to study and practice the skills of sailing and exploring.
 * Caravels were used.
 * Cartographers were employed as well to map the newly discovered areas.
 * Helped Portugal become more important during the Age of Exploration.
 * Benefitted all of Europe through its advancements in technology and spread of learning.

**__ Printing Press __**
 * Invented in 1439 by Johann Gutenberg.
 * Used movable type.
 * Made printing cheaper and more efficient, therefore more profitable.
 * Printing became an occupation on its own.
 * More writers appeared and more books appeared.
 * Resulted in an increase in literacy.
 * The nobles and clergy were not the only people that could read.
 * Church was challenged and lost power and authority
 * Literate public could read the Bible when it was in vernacular.
 * Discovered that the clergy had been lying to them about the teachings and doctrines of Christianity.
 * Used to create propaganda.
 * Advertisements.
 * Political opinions.
 * Ideas of reformation.
 * Influenced major events in history.
 * Spread the 95 Theses by Martin Luther during the Reformation.
 * Distributed //Common Sense// by Thomas Paine and the Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution.
 * Print culture developed as a result.
 * All forms of written communication were connected.
 * All propaganda, including pamphlets and newspapers, as well as all books created an audience throughout Europe that could be reached through printed sources.
 * Emerged during the Enlightenment.
 * Private and public libraries grew.

**__ Technology In Art __**

Used by Renaissance artists to make their art more realistic and detailed.
 * New techniques and styles.
 * Perspective.
 * Realism.
 * Naturalism.
 * Development of oil paints.

Lines of the Century 1. Joan of Arc's Letter to the English. 1429. //"King of England, and you, Duke of Bedford, who call yourself regent of the kingdom of France...settle your debt to the king of Heaven; return to the Maiden, who is envoy of the king of Heaven, the keys to all the good towns you took and violated in France."//

2. Pietro Paolo Vergerio's On the Morals That Befit a Free Man. //"We call those studies liberal which are worthy of a free man; those studies by which we attain and practice virtue and wisdom; that education which calls forth, trains, and develops those highest gifts of body and mind which ennoble men and which are rightly judged to rank next in dignity to virtue only, for to a vulgar temper, gain and pleasure are the one aim of existence, to a lofty nature, moral worth and fame."//

3. Laura Cereta- feminist. // "For knowledge is not given as a gift, but through study... the free mind, not afraid of labor, presses on to attain the good." //

4. Michelangelo talking to Pope Julius II while working on the Sistine Chapel. //"It will be finished when I shall have done all that I believe is required to satisfy Art."//

5. Desiderius Erasmus to John Collet. 1499. //"I cannot tell you, dear Colet, how I hurry on, with all sails set, to holy literature. How I dislike everything that keeps me back, or retards me."//

6. Christopher Columbus' remarks on the natives he encountered in his journal. 1492. //"...they ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christains, for they seem to have no religion... I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased."//

7. Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, commenting on his extravagant patronage. Late 1430s. //"All those things have given me the greatest satisfaction and contentment because they are not only for the honor of God but are likewise for my own remembrance. For fifty years, I have done nothing else but earn money and spend money; and it became clear that spending money gives me greater pleasure than earning it."//

8. King Ferdinand referring to the Jews during the Inquisition. 1490. //"...necessary to remove a genuinely mortal danger from Spanish society... that the Jews masquerading as Christains are destroying the Church from within."//

9. Excerpt from Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man. 1486. //"...human vocation is a mystical vocation that has to be realized following a three stage way, which comprehends necessarily moral transofrmation, intellectual research and final perfection in the identity with the absolute reality."//

 Economic Development$$$ __Economy of the Renaissance__  __ Monarchies Seek to Control Economies __ __ Global Trading Empires __ __ The Church and the Economy (Pre-Reformation) __
 * Italy's geographic location allowed cities such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa to dominate Eurasian trade. As Italian merchants mastered book-keeping, scouting new markets, and gaining monopolies, the cities ceveloped into powerful trade-rich city-states that dominated political and economic life of the area.
 * The city-states were left free to expand due to warfare between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope, allowing merchant oligarchies to rise to power and rule the cities. The five major competitive areas of Italy were Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States, and Naples. (Venice was the only one which remained an oligarchy, the others developed into despotisms.)
 * Cosimo de' Medici controlled Florence after restoring stability following the Ciompi Revolt. He came from the powerful Medici banking family and at the time was the wealthiest man in the city. He gained the loyalty of the members of the most powerful guilds allowing him to greatly influence elections. He was a reknowned patron and significantly beautified the city of Florence throughout his life, sponsoring countless works of art.
 * Renaissance Slavery- Slavery flourished during the Renaissance. A booming slave market had existed in Western Europe for a few centuries and slaves now came from Africa, the Balkans, and the Near East. One source states that slavery had become so popular in Tuscany that doctors would accept slaves instead of fees from patients.
 * Renaissance Popes became the biggest patrons during this time period. They could have anything commissioned through their seemingly limitless tax sources.
 * Just as the Medici family grew as powerful bankers in Florence, The Fugger family rose to prominance in Augsburg.
 * As the clergy and the nobility were in decline, towns began to support the interests of the monarchy. The business savvy townspeople filled the royal staffs.
 * As the monarchies acted independently of institutions and the nobility, they gained control of taxation.
 * France- Charles VII borrowed large sums of money from Jacques Coeur, a wealthy merchant banker. Later, his son Louis XI would expand indutry by establishing silk plants in Lyons. French monarchs also levied taxes such as the //gabelle// (salt tax) and the //taille// which equated to a direct tax on the peasantry.
 * Spain- The sheep-farming industry in Castile was backed by a government branch called the Mesta, an example of developed, centralized economic planning. A new sales tax called the //alcabala// was levied which was a 10% tax on commercial transactions in Spain. Through the patronage of Ferdiinand and Isabella, Spain would develop an extensive empire in the New World.
 * England- Henry VII was able to govern without depending on Parliament for royal funds. This was a result of two things, the first being an act of Parliament in 1485 which guaranteed him customs revenues for life. The second was his ability to confiscate noble lands and fortunes through the Court of Star Chamber.
 * ***As the cost of warfare continued to rise, there was an incessant search for new sources of income. The upper classes and clergy still believed that they were exempt from taxation so peasants began to feel the burdens of taxation more than ever before. Besides levying national taxes or direct taxes on the peasantry, there weren't many options for monarchs. Some tried to collect rents from large landowners while others continued to borrow from the Medicis and Fuggers. Government offices could be sold and high interest bonds were issued. None of these methods proved completely successful so attention soon turned outward to international trade. Asian and African markets were open for trade as well as the New World.**
 * Prince Henry the Navigator began Portugal's exploaration of the African coast in the mid 15th century. His goal was to break the Muslim monopoly on the gold trade. By the end of the century African gold would enter Europe at the ports of Lisbon and Antwerp instead of Muslim cities. Antwerp became a major financial center where the Portuguese, Spanish, and Flemish would meet with the German banking families of Fugger and Welser.
 * After gold, spices became high in demand in Europe and Portugal turned to the Indian spice markets.
 * In 1487 Bartholomew Dias began Portugal's Eastern empire when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope, setting up trading posts along the way. In 1498, Vasco da Gama would return from India with an immense cargo.
 * Portugal would go on to establish themselves with colonies at Goa and Calcutta on the Malabar Coast. After breaking the Arab monopoly on gold, they now challenged the Arabs and the Venetians for the European spice trade.
 * Envious, the Spanish wanted to cement itself in the European spice trade so they set out to find a shorter route to India. Instead, they mistakenly landed in America. While the bullion they imported would finance Spain's major roles in the centuries to come, it also caused serious inflation all over Europe. Spain also made it very clear that the New World would be economically dependent on Europe.
 * Due to the need for labor, the native people as well as Africans were immediately dragged into the European economy. The three major industries of the New World- mining, agriculture, and shipping, all either inolved labor or dependence on Europe.
 * The first conquistadors were only concerned with gold and silver mining. Potosi in Peru became a large silver mining center while areas of Mexico proved rich in gold. The Spanish monarchs gladly helped finance the mining as they took one-fifth of all mining profits. The crown also kept a monopoly over mercury, needed to mine silver.
 * The main agricultural products produced on the continent were food and leather goods used for mining. It was on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico where plantations required slave labor to produce the highly demanded sugar.
 * Before turning to African workers, the Spanish had tried to use natives as laborers. Even those who remained free were required to purchase goods from a landowner to whom they became indebted. Known as debt peonage, the practice would last for several centuries. As workers died from disease and abuse, there became a severe labor shortage.
 * Having used them before in Europe, the Portuguese and Spanish began to use African slaves in the sugar plantations of the West Indies.
 * The newly generated wealth had several consequences on Europe. As noted, the major issue became inflation. Although it was steady, prices would double and then quadruple in about 100 years while wages remained the same. On the other hand, governments and the welathy could now explore new domestic industries such as printing, shipping, mining, textile, and weapons.
 * The origins of capitalism developed as essentially free-market systems developed in the Italian peninsula. Entrepreneurs looked to gain monopolys and charge loans. Everybody had the possibility to accumulate wealth.
 * The clergy had the ability to tax.
 * As clergy stressed the importance of having religious shrines and images, opportunistic businessmen made great profits in creating religious objects/shrines.
 * The Church began the widespread sale of indulgences.
 * People began to complain about the clergy's exemption from taxation.
 * Many clergy indulged in expensive lifestyles.

  media type="youtube" key="jdevfDbc5wE" height="359" width="441" __COMPLETE JOAN OF ARC SCRIPT__: (Joan is sitting speaking to camera) Joan: My name is Joan of Arc. I was born in Eastern France. Since my adolescence, I’ve been hearing voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. (Joan sitting in fetal position in corner) Joan: *hyperventilating* Voice: Jooaan... King Charles VII must be crowned... and the English must be expelled from France... (Joan goes to Charles VII) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Joan: The King of Heavens has called me to deliver the besieged Orleans from the English. I can hear his voice in my head. He tells me it's urgent. I'm only 17 and don't have much experience, but I think I can do this. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Charles: That’s wiggity wack, Joanie. But I’m desperate. And the English are destroying us. So sure. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Narrator: In 1429, at only the age of 17, Joan of Arc leads the French to victory at Orleans. On May 8th, the English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, withdrew from Orleans. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">[A year later] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Messenger: King Charles VII! Urgent news! Joan of Arc has been captured by England’s allies the Burgundians! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Charles: Huh. I could do something, but I’m self-absorbed and ungrateful for her help. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">[Meanwhile, Joan is turned over to the Inquisition in English-held Rouen.] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Inquisition Guy: (subtitles) You are a witch and a heretic! God can’t talk to you directly! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Joan: Truly if you were to tear me limb from limb and separate my soul from my body, I would not tell you anything more: and if I did say anything, I should afterwards declare that you had compelled me to say it by force. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Inquisition Guy: Recant your words! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Joan: No! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Inquisition Guy: Recant! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Joan: No! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Inquisition Guy: (subtitles) Then we’re gonna have to use THIS! (takes out hammer) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">[10 weeks later] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Joan: Ok, ok, stop! You broke me! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Narrarator: Joan was burned at the stake May 30, 1431 as a relapsed heretic. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">[Joan being burned at the stake] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">[25 years later] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Charles: Hmm... I remember that crazy Joan. That obscure French peasant girl. She was innocent. I formally declare her innocent of all charges! <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Narrator: The Hundred Years War devastated France, but thanks to Joan, it also awakened French nationalism hastened the transition from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. She saved the French monarchy. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">In 1920, the church declared Joan of Arc a Catholic Saint. Today, she is revered as the second patron of France. She is a symbol of the vitality and strength of the French peasant class.

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